Lex Sportiva

LEGAL BASIS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

2025-07-30T16:17:23+03:00

The article examines the legal and organizational aspects of military personnel physical training in the context of European integration. The current state of physical training in military formations is analyzed, and prospects for its development in accordance with NATO standards are outlined. Special attention is paid to the legal aspects of military personnel's responsibility for improper performance of duties during physical fitness assessment. The peculiarities of integrating physical education into the professional training of cadets in Ukrainian law schools and the specifics of reserve officers training are studied. The research establishes that the existing methods of military personnel physical training require modernization, considering modern challenges and the requirements of Euro-Atlantic integration. A number of problems are noted, including the fragmentation in the functioning of the physical training system components, the lack of an individual approach, and insufficient practical testing of new methodologies. The authors emphasize the need for developing a comprehensive approach to physical training that takes into account not only athletic abilities but also the functional readiness and psychological resilience of military personnel. It is determined that an important direction for modernizing the physical training system is the implementation of modern technologies, including virtual reality, wearable devices for monitoring health indicators and physical activity. The expediency of an interdisciplinary approach with the involvement of specialists in sports, nutrition, and physiotherapy is substantiated. Ways to optimize the physical training of military personnel through the implementation of individualized training programs, the use of modern technologies and interdisciplinary approaches are proposed. The necessity of continuous monitoring and evaluation of physical training results to ensure the effective performance of service and combat tasks in the conditions of Euro-Atlantic integration is substantiated.

FOOTBALL PLAYER RENTAL AGREEMENT

2025-07-30T16:23:39+03:00

Playing soccer is a popular sport that has been gaining an increasing number of fans for decades, and many young men dream of becoming professional players. The article is devoted to certain issues of the transfer of a football player from one club to another on loan. The peculiarities of the legal regulation of such relations at the level of national and international legislation, local regulatory legal acts of football clubs and the priority of their application when concluding a football player's loan agreement are highlighted. It has been established that the legal regulation of such relations is at the junction of civil and labor law. In order to prevent terminological conflict, the concepts of "football player rental agreement" and "football transfer" are distinguished, which are not identical concepts in terms of their content and legal consequences. The focus is on the "legal anomalies" of legal relations arising from the football player's lease agreement, because according to the general rule, only things that are determined by individual characteristics can be the subject of a lease agreement. Therefore, such a contractual construction goes beyond the generally accepted notions of a lease agreement, but does not contradict the principle of freedom of contract, which is inherent in civil law relations. The content of the football player's lease agreement, its essential conditions, subject composition, and features of dispute resolution are analyzed. No less important is the choice of law under which the future lease agreement will be concluded. After all, a football club may be registered in one country, and the football player will play in another. It has been established that a feature of the terms of a football player's lease agreement is the possibility of determining the body that will consider the dispute between the parties in the event of a violation of its terms by one of the parties. Therefore, preference is given to sports arbitration. It is concluded that the transfer of a football player from one club to another on the basis of a lease agreement is primarily regulated by the contract, but special rules, special regulatory legal acts, and local acts adopted by national and international football federations in the field of professional sports play an equally important role.

NAVIGATING THE ARENA: UNDERSTANDING THE UNIQUE DISPUTE LANDSCAPE IN VIDEO GAMES AND ESPORTS

2025-07-30T16:26:14+03:00

The growing role of esports as an integral part of the global entertainment and sports industry and the lack of legal instruments to regulate the numerous and complex legal relationships in this area demonstrate the relevance of the topic under study. In general, the uniqueness of the esports environment is manifested in the multi-level structure of participants (players, teams, developers, publishers, platforms), the digital nature of assets, and the complexity of jurisdictional regulation. Against the backdrop of an increasing number of disputes, particularly regarding contracts, licenses, doping scandals, player transfers, or non-compliance with streaming conditions, there is an urgent need for effective, flexible, and specialized mechanisms to resolve such conflicts. At the same time, the integration of esports into the global legal space requires harmonization of approaches, recognition of unified standards, and the creation of new legal models that combine the ethical, commercial, and technological aspects of digital interaction. This paper is devoted to studying the specifics of legal disputes arising in the field of video games and esports, in particular issues related to contractual obligations, intellectual property, disciplinary measures, and gaps in legal regulation. The thesis analyzes existing alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, including mediation and arbitration, with the involvement of international institutions such as WIPO and the newly established IGET tribunal. The focus is on dynamic industry development, where traditional sports law does not always provide effective conflict resolution. The study is based on a comparative analysis of court practice, international standards, and contractual models between players, teams, streaming platforms, and sponsors. The aim of the study is to analyze current dispute resolution practices in the field of video games and esports, identify challenges faced by the parties to disputes, and determine effective approaches to resolving them through alternative dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation and arbitration. The study found that traditional legal mechanisms often do not correspond to the specifics of the esports environment, leading to legal uncertainty for its participants. The study emphasizes the need to adapt national legal systems to the challenges of the digital age and develop specialized legal mechanisms in the field of eSports.